NAMALANGU SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT PROFILE

Namalangu day school is located approximately 3km away from the central business district of Senanga District. It is a school run by the Ministry of general education. Namalangu is a name derived from a big tree species called (local name) Malangu which used to grow at the site. The Malangu fruits were used as traditional bells hence the naming of the school as Namalangu. It literally means ‘of the bells or about the bells’ since the school and the bell (time) are synonymous to some extent.
Geography as a social science is offered at the institution so as to create pupils or learners who understand people, places and environment from a spatial perspective since geography is about space and location. Geography as ingredient of social sciences intends to create learners that have an appreciation of the interdependence of the world they live in such as the school itself, the family and society in general. As if that is not enough geography has an important place among the subjects taught at school. If taught well geography can equip pupils for life and promises many careers ahead, for example teaching, consultancy, lecturing, planners and many other. The geography syllabus being offered at this school is part of wider, selected and organized curriculum.
In line with the national policy on education geography syllabus underwent some major changes such as changes in content, changes in methodology as well as changes in evaluation. Coupled with the pronouncements by the Ministry of Education over Basic and Secondary Schools a Department of Social Science was formed at Namalangu Basic School as it was being transformed into a day school.
The social sciences department at this school just like any other school department came to have interim structures in 2014 after the school was upgraded to secondary status. Before that, the school was running from pre-school to grade nine (9).
Following the ministry of education's pronouncements that some basic school would be turned into secondary school, the school happens to be one of the few fortunate ones to be opened to that status.
The social sciences department, therefore, just like all other school departments, is headed by a head of department (HOD), an officer who is in a managerial scale and it is organized into four sections which are headed by heads of sections (HOS) for administrative convenience. Though this is supposed to be an ideal situation, this school has not yet received a fully and formal recognition of a secondary school as such whatever structures are there are for administrative purposes. The section which follow under social science departments are:
(a) Civic education
(b) Geography
(c) History
(d) Religious Education (RE)
In conformity with the new or revised curriculum, the social sciences department offers four subjects in classes namely; 10 A and 10B; one grade eleven (11) class. Candidates are expected to sit for their final examination in 2016. On average therefore, the total population of pupils for the secondary school section is three hundred and ten (310).
Challenges faced by the department
The same challenges faced by the school are not shelves to the department. Some of these challenges are insufficient or inadequate office accommodation, not having enough teaching/learning material such as books for teachers and pupils and lack of a library facility where teachers and pupils can go to do their research.
Staffing Levels.
As it can be seen from the list attached below and considering the number of classes, one may safely state that the social sciences are well staffed not only in terms of number, but the qualification of the teaching staff or personnel. Include Civic Education, Geography, History, Religious Education (RE) and social studies. Social studies is a junior secondary subject which combines the social science subjects with the exception of Religious Education.
The table on the other page shows all staff members of the social science department and their professional qualification as of June, 2015.a
In an-ideal situation, the HOD is supposed to have an office accommodation all by him or herself. Besides that, each of the four sections is supposed to have specious and well furnished rooms where teachers do their research and prepare for their lesson under the supervision of the HOS. At this school however, the office accommodation is not adequate as such teachers have to share the offices which are available. The HOD and the HOSs have up-to-date records of professional meetings held per term. These continuous professional developmental (CPD) meetings are held to discuss effective ways of teaching in order to improve the learner performance especially in four core subjects of our department. In addition one or two teachers may be selected to give a demonstration lesson. Thereafter, a review meeting is held and depending on the effectiveness of the lesson recommendations are made for the adoption of the lesson plan for use in the department.
Currently (2016) the secondary school sector has two (2) grade eight (8) classes; two (2) grade nine (9) classes correspondingly. Furthermore, the school has two (2) grade five classes. The school is open for development which can come from any stakeholder.

FUNCTIONS OF SOIL

Soils have many important functions. Perhaps the best appreciated is the function to support the growth of agricultural and horticultural crops. Soil is the mainstay of agriculture and horticulture, forming as it does the medium in which growth and ultimately the yield of food producing crops occurs. Farmers and gardeners have worked with their soils over many centuries to produce increasing amounts of food to keep pace with the needs of a burgeoning world population. The soil's natural cycles go a long way in ensuring that the soil can provide an adequate physical, chemical and biological medium for crop growth. The farmer and horticulturalist have also become skilled in managing soils so that these natural cycles can be added to as necessary to facilitate adequate soil support and increasing yield to enhance production.

Although it is difficult to rate the importance of the different soil functions, since all are vital to some extent, this function of supporting world agriculture and horticulture is a key one in the preservation and advancement of human life on this planet.

As well as this agricultural and horticultural remit, soil also supports a wide range of trees grown for commercial purposes, e.g. plantations such as forests of commercially grown conifers. Soil type is a fundamental factor in deciding what to grow and where to grow it - or rather optimizing land use patterns.

In addition to supporting world agriculture and horticulture, soil is also essential for maintaining natural and semi-natural vegetation, our forests, our grasslands and the huge breadth of species that occur worldwide. Generally in these situations, the reliance is on the soil's natural cycles to provide the necessary medium for this huge range of vegetation worldwide, in conjunction with the prevailing climate, landscape and the length of time the soils have been in existence. One of the best examples of this soil function is the tropical rain forest where more and more is now being learned of the important soil cycles that maintain this huge ecosystem.

As well as being essential to agriculture, horticulture, forestry and natural and semi-natural systems, soil also plays an important role for our fauna. The soil itself contains million of organisms, the exact nature and role of which we are still trying to determine. Undoubtedly the soil flora and fauna play a vital role in cycles which are fundamental to the ability of the soil to support natural and semi-natural vegetation without additions of fertilizer and other support mechanisms. They breakdown plant debris, take in components from the atmosphere, aerate the soil together with many other functions that make the soil such an important medium.

It is quite staggering how much variety of life exists in soil. A recent key EU document on Thematic Soil Protection identifies that 1 gram of soil in a good condition can contain as many as 600 million bacteria belonging to up to 20,000 species! Even a similar amount of apparently barren desert soils can contain 1 million bacteria from up to 8,000 species. As well as those soil organisms that spend their whole life in the soil, there are also larger organisms that spend a part of their existence in soil but depend on the soil for important parts of their daily life, e.g. badgers, rabbits, prairie gophers, reptiles. Although it is not as well recognized as many of the other soil functions, the soil plays an important role for many birds. Some birds nest on its surface, many birds rely on it for a food supply and a very large number of birds rely on the vegetation for which the soil is responsible. Many birds also nest in burrows in the soil.

Soil is increasingly being recognised as playing a fundamental role in the quality and distribution of our water supply. The soil, coupled with the landscape and its vegetation is responsible for the distribution of all rainwater falling upon it. The nature of the topsoil will influence greatly whether the rainwater will run away across its surface, where it can supplement surface bodies of water, e.g. lakes, rivers, and in extreme situations lead to flash flooding, whether it will infiltrate to become stored in the soil for use by vegetation growing on it and by the soil based organisms, or whether it will flow through the soil to the reach the groundwater and at what rate it will do this. The soil thus holds a key position with respect to our water supply cycle and is now seen as a key element as such by hydrologists.

Related to how water moves through the soil and the absorption properties of soils is the soil's ability to perform an important function in pollution control. The fate and behavior of pesticides in soils has become a key issue in relation to human health, in particular around the world. Soils differ greatly in their ability to manage applied pesticides. Levels of organic matter in the topsoil, soil structure, particularly the presence of prismatic structure with large flow channels, and the texture and adsorption properties of the soils all affect the fate and behavior (and 'attenuation') of pollutants in the soil. In recent decades the problem of managing nitrate levels in water has become a key issue as levels of nitrates in aquifers and surface water bodies continue to increase. Again the soil type and its inherent properties have become important in the attempts to regulate the movement downwards of the nitrate through the soil.

Soil has always been important for the foundation platform of buildings, roads and other communications and never more so. There is an ever increasing need to expand the number of dwellings and the supporting communication network. The problem with this is that buildings and engineering structures such as roads 'seal' the soil and negates the use of land for other purposes in the future. The nature of the soil, be it sandy, silty or clayey, has an important influence on the foundations to the structures and the measures that need to be taken to ensure stability to the structures.

Many people are interested in their origins and how earlier man lived. Soil plays an important part in the preservation of the earth's history. Archaeologists have come to recognize the importance of soils not only as a medium that has preserved evidence of the wares, properties and way of living of previous cultures and generations but also as a crucial component in determining the extent to which artefacts have been able to survive. Many village and town names today reflect the relationship between soil and society in the past - for instance 'Barton-le-Clay' in the UK.

Finally, soils have been recognized as having a key role in modifying and ameliorating the risks and effects of climate change. Soil organic matter is one of the major pools of carbon in the biosphere and is important both as a driver of climatic change and as a response variable to climate change, capable of acting both as a source and sink of carbon. There is significant interest in the fate of soil carbon, particularly the extent to which soils and land use may sequester carbon from the atmosphere, thus reducing CO2 levels in the atmosphere or lose organic carbon to the atmosphere, thus increasing already existing levels in the atmosphere. Soils can also act as a source and sink for nitrous oxides and methane, both also important in creating the greenhouse gas effect

Q:

What is the importance of rocks?

A:

Rocks have a broad range of uses that makes them significantly important to human life. For instance, rocks are used in construction, for manufacturing substances and making medicine and for the production of gas. Rocks are also extremely vital to scientists as they provide clues about the Earth’s history.

Rocks can broadly be classified into three categories: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. These classes, which are based on the rock's origin, determine the structure and use of the rock.  Rocks are important in the making of many objects, such as plates, jewelry and toothpaste. Most houses are also built of materials obtained from rocks.

Some of the most valuable rocks used in the manufacturing of items include graphite, slate, limestone, gypsum and pyrite. These types of rocks help in the production of stationery and the building of houses. Coal, which is an organic rock made mainly from plant materials, has various uses. It can be used in the production of gas, and its residue is used in making plastics and several synthetic materials.

Rock mining provides employment opportunities for casual workers, especially in places where formal jobs are difficult to find. Rocks contribute greatly to the economy of a country or region where they are found. Rocks are also used in the medicine industry. Bismuth is helpful for people with stomach upsets, while silver is used in the manufacturing of dental equipment.

Importance and Uses of Rocks

1.  Building Stones

2.  Machines & Tools

3.  Artifacts

4. Consumables & Processes

5.  Decorations

6.  Jewellery

We use things made from rocks and minerals every day. If something doesn't come from a plant or an animal, it has to be mined. According to the Mineral Information Institute, it is estimated that in a lifetime, A person living in North America will use up the following quantity of rocks and minerals Lead - 365 kg Aluminum - 1633 kg, Zinc - 340 kg, Iron - 14 863 kg, copper - 680 kg, clays - 12 068 kg, salt - 12 824 kg stone, sand, gravel & cement - 562-77kg/Very long ago, our ancestors used rocks for tools. This was known as the Stone Age. This period of human development lasted a long time. Obsidian and flint were used for knives and spears. River rocks were used to break other things. Caves were used as places to live and rocks and boulders were used to sit on and to build fire pits. Depending on what part of the world people lived in, this period was then followed by the Copper Age when people discovered how to smelt (melt using high heat) copper ore. During this time, cities were being built and building stones were being used a lot. This was then followed by the Bronze Age about 6,000 years ago. During this time, people learned how to mix minerals to produce metals like copper, bronze, lead and tin. This period was then followed by the Iron Age about 3,000 years ago. Iron is very strong and made very good and long lasting tools. These tools also meant that stone could be shaped more easily and many empires built buildings, structures and roads that still can be seen today. Since that time period, people have built many cities and used minerals extensively. In Modern Times, since about 1700 CE we have been using rocks and minerals at an ever increasing rate as we build machines, cities and consume a great number of "things" in a lifetime.

ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

Many societies seek to live better lives as they see development to be the means to an end. At the same time it has been seen that primitive cultures have less development as compared to advanced cultures. There seems to be a relationship between culture and development. So now the task for this paper presentation is to critically analyze the relationship between culture and development.

According to Richard (2002), culture is simply all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism through artifice and become fully human.

Culture refers to the way of life of a given people which includes among others their language, taboos, festivals, values, beliefs and traditions. ‘Culture differentiates animals from humans’, curriculum development center, (2010:57).  It is something learned through generations. It comprises skills, knowledge and beliefs of a people.  

Development refers to all efforts meant to raise the standard of living of the people through increased incomes as well as bettering their social services. These include health and education facilities, sanitation, food, social security and good roads, Curriculum development center (2010). Other scholars like Osagie are of the view that development is the qualitative and quantities positive transformation of the lives of a people that does not only enhance their material well being, including the restoration of human dignity, Osagie (1985). Here the implication is that development is a warm gradual and considerate process attempting to alleviate man’s existing social, cultural and political values.

Together with this, we see that instruments and materials are needed specifically aimed at the practice in relation to culture and development, so that they can be used as tools. Culture is about creativity, heritage, knowledge and diversity. These values are intrinsically connected to human development and freedom. Through the world commission of culture and development of 1995 report, culture was acknowledged to play an instrumental role in promoting economic progress since it was a desirable end in itself. The goodness with culture is that it is an important aspect of sustainable development as it makes communities understand and appreciate natural resources. Development and culture have been connected in many international policy documents and conventions. civil society, cultural organizations and the NGOs, amongst others, have all identified the need to examine further the role of culture in development processes, both on the theoretical level and in its practical application through development activities and projects: starting with the cultural comprehension of the very concept of development, and then clarifying what is understood by culture in development co-operation, in order to generate tools which favor the application of the theory and the mainstreaming of culture in development practice.

We could also point out that there is still plenty of work left to be done in this area. This presentation seeks to join the numerous current initiatives on culture and development, providing an instrument of rapprochement for those interested in finding out what is behind this binomial. It was UNESCO which in 1966 indicated in an international document the unavoidable need to consider culture within international cooperation.      

An example can be taken from the countries called the Asian tigers such as Malaysia, china south, Japan and India among others who have managed and adopted what is referred to as the critical culture renaissance. Many countries in Africa have not made it in their development agenda owing to their inability to combine their indigenous values with the colonial legacies as the Asians have done it. Prof Mazurui, a pan African scholar has also intimated over the same issue about culture. He says one strategy for poor African countries is to follow a policy of indigenization. This process includes the identification and development of the greater civilization of indigenous techniques, personnel and approaches to purposeful change, (David, 2012).

Placing culture at the center of development policy constitutes an essential investment in world’s future and a pre condition to globalization process taking into account the principle of cultural diversity. Biodiversity, indigenous knowledge and sustainable development are very closely linked. If culture is looked as a whole of beliefs, habits, and customs of a society, then it is the foundation upon which development of a society is built. Economic development without roots can never result in culture and consequently can never result in sustainable development, Curriculum Development Center (2010). Since culture is part of everyday life, it is therefore essential for development of all.  Actually the status of people has evolved since the adoption of article 27 of the universal declaration of human rights, which affirmed the right of every human species to freely participate in the cultural life of the community and enjoy the arts in this case ku-o-mboka or ukusefa pa ng’wena festival. It could be the culture of riding elephants like the Philippines. Another example is the hospitality in rural Zambia where life is a gamble but still practiced. Biodiversity, indigenous knowledge and sustainable development are very closely linked. Dabaghian views argues that ‘the pride of any society lies in its culture since no society in the world could be considered great without reference to its tradition and culture’, Dabaghian (1970:103).

 In the last two decades (LDCs) least developed countries have embarked on approaches that are cultural in nature. For example here in Zambia the government has a learning program called primary literacy program (PLP) where indigenous languages (previously called L1) will be used as a medium of instruction at lower primary.  After all language is part of culture. The Asian education systems among others have considerably yielded good results after indigenization of their development policies. In like manner Zambia and other LDCs are destined for such results.  The reason for an academician to say culture is related to development with confidence. Development initiatives and approaches that take into consideration local conditions and cultures are likely to result into more context-sensitive and equitable outcomes whilst also enhancing ownership by target beneficiaries. Since culture is in every fiber of society it implies that every form of development affects society’s culture.  Therefore integrating culture in to development policies and programs, therefore contributes to effective sustainability. For the reason that biological and cultural diversity are inextricably linked and together the two hold the key to sustainable development. Gorodninchenko and Roland (2010) have a similar view and say that cultural dimension has an important and robust causal effect on innovation and long run growth.  Actually the point is culture defines how people behave towards nature because in globalised village with communities with communities made of transnational humans.

Any local policy aimed at protecting the natural environment and achieve sustainable development will necessary also have to take into consideration and act upon the culture of the concerned communities. That’s why culture is so important for the development of millennium development goals. Therefore consideration of culture effectively enables development when projects acknowledge and respond to the local context and the particularities of the place and community through the careful use of cultural resources as well as emphasis on local knowledge, skills and materials.

Respecting and promoting culture diversity within human   rights approach facilitates inter-cultural dialogue which in turn prevents conflicts and protects the rights of

Marginalized groups within and between nations thereby creating optimal conditions for attaining development goals since culture in itself is a driver of development. Actually experience has shown that cultural resources can be converted into useful products which communities can use in their livelihoods. For instance some soils can be used for making pots while some types can be used for making glass cups. In other regions cow dung is useless while in other areas it used for building walls of houses and also for natural fertilizers in fact they are best fertilizers recommended by conservationists.

These values are being recognized as the cultural dimension (or the fourth pillar apart from the others include political, social and economical) of sustainable development at local, national and in previous obstacles and limitations. On the other hand, acknowledging diversity should not be understood as raising barriers between communities, but on the contrary promoting the capability of individuals, men and women, to live and to be what they choose, within an increasingly complex world, by guaranteeing their access to a wide range of cultural assets and expressions. Poverty, it should be stressed, is not just a question of material conditions and income, but also of lack of capabilities and opportunities, including in cultural terms.

The truth is that development rooted in culture and sensitive to local context is in fact the only one which is likely to be sustainable. As Nobel Prize winner Amartya has argued that cultural matters are integral parts of the lives we lead. If development can be seen as enhancement of our living standards, then efforts geared to development can hardly ignore the world of culture, Amartya (2001).

Last but not the least all efforts of development should be culture oriented if development is to be meaningful to the locals and the Diaspora. After all culture is creative development. From culture comes tourism which in turn brings forex which in turn improves the economy for the benefit of all. Without roots a people cannot have direction hence no development as earlier highlighted. The above is the critical analysis of the relationship between culture and development.

REFERENCES

Amartya Sen (2001) Culture and development on world bank conference. Tokyo.

Curriculum Development Center (2010) Civic Education 12. Lusaka, Zambia Education Publishing House.

Curriculum Development Center (2010) Civic Education 10.  Lusaka, Zambia Education Publishing House.

Dabaghian J (1970) Mirror of man: reading in sociology and literature. Toronto, Brown and company.

David Owusu-Amoah (2012) the importance of culture for national development. Issue no: 18. Accessed at http//:www.modernghana.com @ 10:36 hours CAT on 07.04.14

Gorodninchenko Y and Roland G (2010) culture, institutions and the wealth of nations. CEPR discussion paper no: 8031.

Osagie. S (1985) the concept of material culture and contemporary issues in Nigeria. Ogun. Ogun State University Press.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EARTH 'CRUST

The crust is the hard rocky outer shell of the earth. This makes it the thinnest of the earth’s three layers of crust, mantle, and core in the universe. Actually the crust is the outermost layer of the earth. Simply put the e
arth’s crust is the outermost solid shell of rocky planet. Geographers say that the crust has a layer of igneous rock as well as sedimentary rocks. The crust also has some metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary that either form the ocean crust or the continental crust. The earth’s crust is very important to human beings not only because they live in it but because of the socio-economic benefits it offers them. This essay attempts to highlight the salient socio-economic significance of the earth’s crust. It will start by explaining what the crust is and then proceed to discuss the benefits enjoyed from it by humans and other species be it plant or animal kingdom.
Robinson (2011) argues that the crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovič discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity. The crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume and is divided into two parts. The ocean crust is predominated full of minerals such as Silica and Magnesium hence SIMA of the sea is different .The continental crust is approximately around 30 km to 50 km thick and is mostly composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust. Some of these less dense rocks, such as granite, are common in the continental crust but rare to absent in the oceanic crust. Both the continental and oceanic crust mantle. The Conrad discontinuity separates the SIAL(silica and aluminium) from the SIMA. (silica and magnesium).
Robinson further states that the continental crust is thicker such that it extends both above and below the oceanic crust. The slightly higher elevation of the continental crust causes the water to run off the continental to the oceans.
Herndon (1980) views that one of the salient significance is that the crust supports living organism in the soil on which man depends. Part of the living organisms on the earth’s crust are the forests which comprises of all the wild flora and fauna which directly and indirectly are of economic importance to man. Forests are source of all the products like fruits, timber, and fuel wood, resins gums etc. This supports the values of values of biodiversity. The services rendered by the biodiversity are essential for the functioning of the global economy. The biodiversity also has great importance as a direct source of income and economic development. Simply put we eat the earth. The chief economic product of forests is timber. Wood pulp from timber is the primary source of raw material for paper industry. Forests also provide raw material for a number of other industries like the manufacture of sports goods and matches. Many kinds of pharmaceuticals, rayon and other useful materials like gums, resin, turpentine charcoal, firewood and oil come from the forests that grow on top of the soil.
The other importance is the crust contains bituminous, a resource used for road surfacing is embedded in the crust. Robinson (2011) argues that, “… bituminous materials are still used extensively in construction; they retain their excellent adhesive and waterproofing properties. . .” He further highlights that the adhesiveness of bitumen to a surface depends upon both the nature of the surface and the state of the bitumen. For an adhesive to act it must be able to wet a surface. In fluid state bitumen can wet a dry solid surface and good adhesion will result, but the presence of water will prevent adhesion. The temperatures of the solid and the bitumen also influence the bond.
Another interesting importance of the earth’s crust is that it is the bridge between life and death as the dead return to the earth’s crust at burial. Burial or interment is the ritual act of placing a dead person or animal, sometimes with objects, into the ground. This is accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objects in it, and covering it over. Intentional burial, particularly with grave goods, may be one of the earliest detectable forms of religious practice since prehistoric. For Lieberman (1991) the crust signifies a "concern for the dead that transcends daily life."
The fact that flowers grow on both the continental and oceanic crusts is another importance. Flowers which enhances nature’s beauty thrives on the earth’s crust. Sattler, (1973) writes that a flower, sometimes known as a bloom is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants. The plants may grow on the continental and oceanic crusts. He further writes that, “In addition to facilitating the reproduction of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used for beautification of their environment, and also as objects of romance, ritual, religion, medicine and as a source of food.”
Lovely beauty on the earth’s crust enhances tourism which further enhances the social life of the people. Tourism is travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family or business purposes, usually for a limited duration. Tourism is “traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes". World Tourism Organistion (1995). Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases being vital importance.
Robinson (2011) argues that almost all Earth materials are used by humans for something. We require metals for making machines, sands and gravels for making roads and buildings, sand for making computer chips, limestone and gypsum for making concrete, clays for making ceramics, gold, silver, copper and aluminum for making electric circuits, and diamonds and corundum (sapphire, ruby, emerald) for abrasives and jewelry. Minerals endowed in the earth’s crust are ideal for development. There are over 3000 minerals known. Some are rare and precious such as gold and diamond, while others are more ordinary, such as quartz. Mining activities on earth’s crust are also associated with direct economic benefits, which allow for the development and growth of the citizens prosperity. So far, the positive impact of mining on the environment has been ignored. Whereas, post-mining areas form new ecosystems, often of higher biodiversity, with many rare or protected species of plants. In addition, these areas are enriched the geological environments which have scientific and educational values, unique in the region or country . Herndon (1980)
The other importance of the earth’s crust as highlighted by Mitchell (2010) lies in the fact that the continental crust also supports agriculture. The production of biomass by agriculture and forestry. The filtering of Crops man feeds on for his survival grow on the earth crust. Agriculture is by far the most widespread form of human activity and it is more basic than any other industry. Its yields fibers and raw materials for the factories on which a large portion of the remaining people depend. From the crops the farmers grow he gets his food and also that of his family. The surplus is sold for cash, with which he buys the necessities of life. Without agriculture, many factories would close, and despite all wonders that science has brought, a world without food would be dead world.
The oceanic crust is generally endowed with abundant water resources that amount to nine percent of the global freshwater resources. There is however uneven distribution of this resource, between areas of severe aridity with limited freshwater resources like the Sahara and Kalahari deserts in the northern and southern parts, to the tropical belt of mid-Africa with abundant freshwater resources. This distribution also follows the pattern of rainfall variability – in time and space – in the region, UNEP (2006). Most water resources occur in the form of rivers, lakes, wetlands, and limited but widespread groundwater. Water is life as they say. In water aquatic life for fish is plenty.
Lastly, People find a living out of what the crust has to offer and man’s mode of living is to some extent determined by the underlying strata. UNEP (2006) writes that reliance on land as a principal source of livelihoods and as a basis for economic development in Africa is likely to persist in the foreseeable future. The paper further states that holiday options are influenced by the presence of viable landforms, for example desert crossing or rapid surfing.
In a nutshell, the earth’s crust holds great deal of socio-economic significance in so many ways that it forms the platform on which both the animate and the inanimate carry out the necessary processes for equilibrium and survival. This goes on and on as long as time is there. Indeed the crust is significant as highlighted as above.


REFERENCES

Herndon, J. M. (1980) The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth. Proc. R. Soc. London.
Http//www.enchantedlearning.com
Mitchell, W. (2010) Jamaica Ministry of Agriculture Rural Agricultural Development Authority, In J. Richards, (ed.), Savanna-la-Mar. Conversation dated February 2, 2010. Kingston.
Philip, L. (1991) Uniquely Human, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts.
Robinson, E. C. (2011) http://pubs.usgs.gov. Retrieved November 26, 2014 @ 12:43
Sattler, R. (1973) Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
UNEP. (2006) Africa Environment Outlook 2: Our Environment, Our Wealth, London.
World Tourism Organization. 1995. Retrieved November 24, 2014